Welcome¶

Welcome to the Textual framework documentation.

Get started or go straight to the Tutorial

What is Textual?¶

Textual is a Rapid Application Development framework for Python, built by Textualize.io.

Build sophisticated user interfaces with a simple Python API. Run your apps in the terminal or a web browser!

Rapid development

Uses your existing Python skills to build beautiful user interfaces.
Low requirements

Run Textual on a single board computer if you want to.
Cross platform

Textual runs just about everywhere.
Remote

Textual apps can run over SSH.
CLI Integration

Textual apps can be launched and run from the command prompt.
Open Source

Textual is licensed under MIT.

Stopwatch tutorialstopwatch.pystopwatch.tcss

from time import monotonic

from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.containers import ScrollableContainer
from textual.reactive import reactive
from textual.widgets import Button, Footer, Header, Static


class TimeDisplay(Static):
    """A widget to display elapsed time."""

    start_time = reactive(monotonic)
    time = reactive(0.0)
    total = reactive(0.0)

    def on_mount(self) -> None:
        """Event handler called when widget is added to the app."""
        self.update_timer = self.set_interval(1 / 60, self.update_time, pause=True)

    def update_time(self) -> None:
        """Method to update time to current."""
        self.time = self.total + (monotonic() - self.start_time)

    def watch_time(self, time: float) -> None:
        """Called when the time attribute changes."""
        minutes, seconds = divmod(time, 60)
        hours, minutes = divmod(minutes, 60)
        self.update(f"{hours:02,.0f}:{minutes:02.0f}:{seconds:05.2f}")

    def start(self) -> None:
        """Method to start (or resume) time updating."""
        self.start_time = monotonic()
        self.update_timer.resume()

    def stop(self):
        """Method to stop the time display updating."""
        self.update_timer.pause()
        self.total += monotonic() - self.start_time
        self.time = self.total

    def reset(self):
        """Method to reset the time display to zero."""
        self.total = 0
        self.time = 0


class Stopwatch(Static):
    """A stopwatch widget."""

    def on_button_pressed(self, event: Button.Pressed) -> None:
        """Event handler called when a button is pressed."""
        button_id = event.button.id
        time_display = self.query_one(TimeDisplay)
        if button_id == "start":
            time_display.start()
            self.add_class("started")
        elif button_id == "stop":
            time_display.stop()
            self.remove_class("started")
        elif button_id == "reset":
            time_display.reset()

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        """Create child widgets of a stopwatch."""
        yield Button("Start", id="start", variant="success")
        yield Button("Stop", id="stop", variant="error")
        yield Button("Reset", id="reset")
        yield TimeDisplay()


class StopwatchApp(App):
    """A Textual app to manage stopwatches."""

    CSS_PATH = "stopwatch.tcss"

    BINDINGS = [
        ("d", "toggle_dark", "Toggle dark mode"),
        ("a", "add_stopwatch", "Add"),
        ("r", "remove_stopwatch", "Remove"),
    ]

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        """Called to add widgets to the app."""
        yield Header()
        yield Footer()
        yield ScrollableContainer(Stopwatch(), Stopwatch(), Stopwatch(), id="timers")

    def action_add_stopwatch(self) -> None:
        """An action to add a timer."""
        new_stopwatch = Stopwatch()
        self.query_one("#timers").mount(new_stopwatch)
        new_stopwatch.scroll_visible()

    def action_remove_stopwatch(self) -> None:
        """Called to remove a timer."""
        timers = self.query("Stopwatch")
        if timers:
            timers.last().remove()

    def action_toggle_dark(self) -> None:
        """An action to toggle dark mode."""
        self.dark = not self.dark


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = StopwatchApp()
    app.run()

Stopwatch {
    layout: horizontal;
    background: $boost;
    height: 5;
    min-width: 50;
    margin: 1;
    padding: 1;
}

TimeDisplay {
    content-align: center middle;
    text-opacity: 60%;
    height: 3;
}

Button {
    width: 16;
}

#start {
    dock: left;
}

#stop {
    dock: left;
    display: none;
}

#reset {
    dock: right;
}

.started {
    text-style: bold;
    background: $success;
    color: $text;
}

.started TimeDisplay {
    text-opacity: 100%;
}

.started #start {
    display: none
}

.started #stop {
    display: block
}

.started #reset {
    visibility: hidden
}

Pride examplepride.py

from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.widgets import Static


class PrideApp(App):
    """Displays a pride flag."""

    COLORS = ["red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "purple"]

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        for color in self.COLORS:
            stripe = Static()
            stripe.styles.height = "1fr"
            stripe.styles.background = color
            yield stripe


if __name__ == "__main__":
    PrideApp().run()

Calculator examplecalculator.pycalculator.tcss

"""
An implementation of a classic calculator, with a layout inspired by macOS calculator.

Works like a real calculator. Click the buttons or press the equivalent keys.
"""

from decimal import Decimal

from textual import events, on
from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.containers import Container
from textual.css.query import NoMatches
from textual.reactive import var
from textual.widgets import Button, Digits


class CalculatorApp(App):
    """A working 'desktop' calculator."""

    CSS_PATH = "calculator.tcss"

    numbers = var("0")
    show_ac = var(True)
    left = var(Decimal("0"))
    right = var(Decimal("0"))
    value = var("")
    operator = var("plus")

    # Maps button IDs on to the corresponding key name
    NAME_MAP = {
        "asterisk": "multiply",
        "slash": "divide",
        "underscore": "plus-minus",
        "full_stop": "point",
        "plus_minus_sign": "plus-minus",
        "percent_sign": "percent",
        "equals_sign": "equals",
        "minus": "minus",
        "plus": "plus",
    }

    def watch_numbers(self, value: str) -> None:
        """Called when numbers is updated."""
        self.query_one("#numbers", Digits).update(value)

    def compute_show_ac(self) -> bool:
        """Compute switch to show AC or C button"""
        return self.value in ("", "0") and self.numbers == "0"

    def watch_show_ac(self, show_ac: bool) -> None:
        """Called when show_ac changes."""
        self.query_one("#c").display = not show_ac
        self.query_one("#ac").display = show_ac

    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
        """Add our buttons."""
        with Container(id="calculator"):
            yield Digits(id="numbers")
            yield Button("AC", id="ac", variant="primary")
            yield Button("C", id="c", variant="primary")
            yield Button("+/-", id="plus-minus", variant="primary")
            yield Button("%", id="percent", variant="primary")
            yield Button("÷", id="divide", variant="warning")
            yield Button("7", id="number-7", classes="number")
            yield Button("8", id="number-8", classes="number")
            yield Button("9", id="number-9", classes="number")
            yield Button("×", id="multiply", variant="warning")
            yield Button("4", id="number-4", classes="number")
            yield Button("5", id="number-5", classes="number")
            yield Button("6", id="number-6", classes="number")
            yield Button("-", id="minus", variant="warning")
            yield Button("1", id="number-1", classes="number")
            yield Button("2", id="number-2", classes="number")
            yield Button("3", id="number-3", classes="number")
            yield Button("+", id="plus", variant="warning")
            yield Button("0", id="number-0", classes="number")
            yield Button(".", id="point")
            yield Button("=", id="equals", variant="warning")

    def on_key(self, event: events.Key) -> None:
        """Called when the user presses a key."""

        def press(button_id: str) -> None:
            """Press a button, should it exist."""
            try:
                self.query_one(f"#{button_id}", Button).press()
            except NoMatches:
                pass

        key = event.key
        if key.isdecimal():
            press(f"number-{key}")
        elif key == "c":
            press("c")
            press("ac")
        else:
            button_id = self.NAME_MAP.get(key)
            if button_id is not None:
                press(self.NAME_MAP.get(key, key))

    @on(Button.Pressed, ".number")
    def number_pressed(self, event: Button.Pressed) -> None:
        """Pressed a number."""
        assert event.button.id is not None
        number = event.button.id.partition("-")[-1]
        self.numbers = self.value = self.value.lstrip("0") + number

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#plus-minus")
    def plus_minus_pressed(self) -> None:
        """Pressed + / -"""
        self.numbers = self.value = str(Decimal(self.value or "0") * -1)

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#percent")
    def percent_pressed(self) -> None:
        """Pressed %"""
        self.numbers = self.value = str(Decimal(self.value or "0") / Decimal(100))

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#point")
    def pressed_point(self) -> None:
        """Pressed ."""
        if "." not in self.value:
            self.numbers = self.value = (self.value or "0") + "."

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#ac")
    def pressed_ac(self) -> None:
        """Pressed AC"""
        self.value = ""
        self.left = self.right = Decimal(0)
        self.operator = "plus"
        self.numbers = "0"

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#c")
    def pressed_c(self) -> None:
        """Pressed C"""
        self.value = ""
        self.numbers = "0"

    def _do_math(self) -> None:
        """Does the math: LEFT OPERATOR RIGHT"""
        try:
            if self.operator == "plus":
                self.left += self.right
            elif self.operator == "minus":
                self.left -= self.right
            elif self.operator == "divide":
                self.left /= self.right
            elif self.operator == "multiply":
                self.left *= self.right
            self.numbers = str(self.left)
            self.value = ""
        except Exception:
            self.numbers = "Error"

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#plus,#minus,#divide,#multiply")
    def pressed_op(self, event: Button.Pressed) -> None:
        """Pressed one of the arithmetic operations."""
        self.right = Decimal(self.value or "0")
        self._do_math()
        assert event.button.id is not None
        self.operator = event.button.id

    @on(Button.Pressed, "#equals")
    def pressed_equals(self) -> None:
        """Pressed ="""
        if self.value:
            self.right = Decimal(self.value)
        self._do_math()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    CalculatorApp().run(inline=True)

Screen {
    overflow: auto;
}

#calculator {
    layout: grid;
    grid-size: 4;
    grid-gutter: 1 2;
    grid-columns: 1fr;
    grid-rows: 2fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    margin: 1 2;
    min-height: 25;
    min-width: 26;
    height: 100%;

    &:inline {
        margin: 0 2;
    }
}

Button {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
}

#numbers {
    column-span: 4;
    padding: 0 1;
    height: 100%;
    background: $primary-lighten-2;
    color: $text;
    content-align: center middle;
    text-align: right;
}

#number-0 {
    column-span: 2;
}